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DISPERSION OF LIGHT
When a beam of white light is made to fall on one refracting face of the prism, it splits into seven colours i.e. violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red (VIBGYOR) from base. The phenomenon of the splitting of white light into its constituent colours is called dispersion of light.The pattern of colour components of light is called the spectrum of light. The red light bends the least, while the violet light bends the most.
The colour is associated with wavelength of light. In the visible spectrum, red light is at the long wavelength end (~700 nm) while the violet light is at the short wavelength end (~ 400 nm). Dispersion takes place because the refractive index of medium for different wavelengths (colours) is different.
The Angle of Deviation
The amount of overall refraction caused by the passage of a light ray through a prism is often expressed in terms of the angle of deviation (θ). The angle of deviation is the angle made between the incident ray of light entering the first face of the prism and the refracted ray that emerges from the second face of the prism. Because of the different indices of refraction for the different wavelengths of visible light, the angle of deviation varies with wavelength.
The variation of refractive index with wavelength may be more pronounced in some media than the other. In vacuum, of course, the speed of light is independent of wavelength. Thus, vacuum (or air approximately) is a non-dispersive medium in which all colours travel with the same speed. This also follows from the fact that sunlight reaches us in the form of white light and not as its components. On the other hand, glass is a dispersive medium.
NATURAL PHENOMENA DEPICTING DISPERSION:
THE RAINBOW
The rainbow is an example of the dispersion of sunlight by the water drops in the atmosphere. This is a phenomenon due to combined effect of dispersion, refraction and reflection of sunlight by spherical water droplets of rain.
How is it formed?
Sunlight is first refracted as it enters a raindrop, which causes the different wavelengths (colours) of white light to separate. Longer wavelength of light (red) are bent the least while the shorter wavelength (violet) are bent the most. Next, these component rays strike the inner surface of the water drop and get internally reflected.The reflected light is refracted again as it comes out of the drop. It is found that the violet light emerges at an angle of 40º related to the incoming sunlight and red light emerges at an angle of 42º. For other colours, angles lie in between these two values.This is how a primary rainbow is formed.
Rainbows are not limited to the dispersion of light by raindrops. The splashing of water at the base of a waterfall caused a mist of water in the air that often results in the formation of rainbows. A backyard water sprinkler is another common source of a rainbow.
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