Dear readers,
Looking forward to providing you the best apt study content for every government exam at no cost thus making access to the exam content convenient for you, SSCADDA is available once again to assist you thoroughly in Railway ALP Stage 2 Exam 2018 where the motive is to enable you with Physics detailed notes on definitions, concepts, laws, formulae, rules and properties, important from the exam point of view. Stay in tune with SSCADDA to utilize the remaining time for Railway ALP Stage 2 and maximize your practice skills.
REFLECTION OF LIGHT
A highly polished surface, such as a mirror, reflects most of the light falling on it. The phenomenon of bouncing back of light from a surface is known as the reflection of light. An object reflects light that falls on it. This reflected light, when received by our eyes, enables us to see things. We are able to see through a transparent medium as light is transmitted through it.
The laws of reflection of light-
(i)The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection,
(ii)The incident ray, the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence and the reflected ray, all lie in the same plane. These laws of reflection are applicable to all types of reflecting surfaces including spherical surfaces.
SPHERICAL MIRRORS
The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror may be curved inwards or outwards.
For spherical mirrors of small apertures, the radius of curvature is found to be equal to twice the focal length i.e. R = 2f . This implies that the principal focus of a spherical mirror lies midway between the pole and centre of curvature.
1.Concave mirror
A spherical mirror, whose reflecting surface is curved inwards, that is, faces towards the centre of the sphere, is called a concave mirror.
Image formation by a concave mirror
Uses of concave mirrors
2.Convex mirror
A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outwards, is called a convex mirror.
Image formation by a convex mirror
Uses of a convex mirror
Important terms-
Ray of Light : A line drawn in the direction of propagation of light is called a ray of light.
Beam of Light : A group of rays of light emitted by a source of light is called a beam of light. A light beam is of three types.
Real Image : It is a kind of image which is formed by actual intersection of light rays after reflection.
Virtual Image : It is a kind of image which is formed by producing the reflected rays backward after reflection.
Pole: The centre of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is a point called the pole. It lies on the surface of the mirror.
Centre of curvature: The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a part of a sphere. This sphere has a centre. This point is called the centre of curvature of the spherical mirror.
Radius of curvature: The radius of the sphere of which the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a part, is called the radius of curvature of the mirror.
Principal axis: A straight line passes through the pole and the centre of curvature of a spherical mirror. This line is called the principal axis.
Principal Focus: When rays from infinity come in parallel to the optical axis of a spherical mirror, they are bent so that they either converge and intersect in at a point, or they seem to diverge from a point. The point of convergence or divergence is called the focus. It is denoted by letter F.
Focal length: The distance between the pole and the principal focus of a spherical mirror is called the focal length. It is represented by the letter f.
Aperture: The diameter of the reflecting surface of spherical mirror is called its aperture.
Magnification: Magnification produced by a spherical mirror gives the relative extent to which the image of an object is magnified with respect to the object size.
If h is the height of the object and h′ is the height of the image, then the magnification m produced by a spherical mirror is given by:
The magnification m is also related to the object distance (u) and image distance (v):
A highly polished surface, such as a mirror, reflects most of the light falling on it. The phenomenon of bouncing back of light from a surface is known as the reflection of light. An object reflects light that falls on it. This reflected light, when received by our eyes, enables us to see things. We are able to see through a transparent medium as light is transmitted through it.
The laws of reflection of light-
(i)The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection,
(ii)The incident ray, the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence and the reflected ray, all lie in the same plane. These laws of reflection are applicable to all types of reflecting surfaces including spherical surfaces.
SPHERICAL MIRRORS
The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror may be curved inwards or outwards.
For spherical mirrors of small apertures, the radius of curvature is found to be equal to twice the focal length i.e. R = 2f . This implies that the principal focus of a spherical mirror lies midway between the pole and centre of curvature.
1.Concave mirror
A spherical mirror, whose reflecting surface is curved inwards, that is, faces towards the centre of the sphere, is called a concave mirror.
Image formation by a concave mirror
Uses of concave mirrors
- Used in torches, search-lights and vehicles headlights to get powerful parallel beams of light.
- As shaving mirrors to see a larger image of the face.
- The dentists use concave mirrors to see large images of the teeth of patients.
- Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat in solar furnaces.
2.Convex mirror
A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outwards, is called a convex mirror.
Image formation by a convex mirror
Uses of a convex mirror
- Commonly used as rear-view (wing) mirrors in vehicles. These mirrors are fitted on the sides of the vehicle, enabling the driver to see traffic behind him/her to facilitate safe driving. It enables the driver to view much larger area than would be possible with a plane mirror.
- In big showrooms and departmental stores, convex mirrors are used to have a view on the customers entering in as well as going out.
Important terms-
Ray of Light : A line drawn in the direction of propagation of light is called a ray of light.
Beam of Light : A group of rays of light emitted by a source of light is called a beam of light. A light beam is of three types.
Real Image : It is a kind of image which is formed by actual intersection of light rays after reflection.
Virtual Image : It is a kind of image which is formed by producing the reflected rays backward after reflection.
Pole: The centre of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is a point called the pole. It lies on the surface of the mirror.
Centre of curvature: The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a part of a sphere. This sphere has a centre. This point is called the centre of curvature of the spherical mirror.
Radius of curvature: The radius of the sphere of which the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a part, is called the radius of curvature of the mirror.
Principal axis: A straight line passes through the pole and the centre of curvature of a spherical mirror. This line is called the principal axis.
Principal Focus: When rays from infinity come in parallel to the optical axis of a spherical mirror, they are bent so that they either converge and intersect in at a point, or they seem to diverge from a point. The point of convergence or divergence is called the focus. It is denoted by letter F.
Focal length: The distance between the pole and the principal focus of a spherical mirror is called the focal length. It is represented by the letter f.
Aperture: The diameter of the reflecting surface of spherical mirror is called its aperture.
Magnification: Magnification produced by a spherical mirror gives the relative extent to which the image of an object is magnified with respect to the object size.
If h is the height of the object and h′ is the height of the image, then the magnification m produced by a spherical mirror is given by:
No comments:
Post a Comment