Important Polymers
On the basis of intermolecular forces Polymers are classified as:
1.Elastomers- rubber, buna-S, buna-N, neoprene etc.
2.Fibres - polyamides(nylon 6, 6), polyesters (terylene), etc.
3.Thermoplastic polymers - Such plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily are known as thermoplastics. Polythene, polystyrene, polyvinyls, etc.
4.Thermosetting polymers - some plastics which when moulded once, can not be softened by heating. These are called thermosetting plastics.eg: bakelite, melamine etc.
(a)Polythene
(i)Low-density polythene-polymerisation of ethene under high pressure in the presence of traces of dioxygen or a peroxide initiator (catalyst).
(ii)High-density Polythene - polymerisation of ethene in the presence of a catalyst such as triethylaluminium and titanium tetrachloride (Ziegler-Natta catalyst).
(b)Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon) - Teflon is manufactured by heating tetrafluoroethene with a free radical or persulphate catalyst at high pressures.
(c)Polyacrylonitrile - Polymer of acrylonitrile in presence of a peroxide catalyst.
Condensation Polymers:
(a)Polyamides - It possess amide linkages.
(i) Nylon 6,6 - prepared by the condensation polymerization of hexamethylenediamine with adipic acid under high pressure and at high temperature.
ii) Nylon 6 - obtained by heating caprolactum with water at a high temperature.
(b)Polyesters - It is Polycondensation products of dicarboxylic acids and diols. It is prepared by ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid.
Polyester is another synthetic fibre. Fabric made from this fibre does not get wrinkled easily. It remains crisp and is easy to wash. So, it is quite suitable for making dress material.
Terylene is the best-known example of polyestersIt can be drawn into very fine fibres that can be woven like any other yarn.(c)Phenol - formaldehyde polymer (Bakelite and related polymers).Prepared by the condensation reaction of phenol with formaldehyde in the presence of either an acid or a base catalyst.
The initial product could be a linear product which is Novolac and is used in paints.Novolac on heating with formaldehyde undergoes cross-linking to form an infusible solid mass called bakelite. It is used for making combs, phonograph records, electrical switches and handles of various utensils.
Melamine formaldehyde polymer is formed by the condensation polymerization of melamine and formaldehyde.
Melamine is a versatile material. It resists fire and can tolerate heat better than other plastics. It is used for making floor tiles, kitchenware and fabrics which resist fire.It is used in the manufacture of unbreakable crockery.
Rubber:
(i)Natural rubber - Natural rubber may be considered as a linear polymer of isoprene (2-methyl-1, 3-butadiene) and is also called as cis - 1, 4 - polyisoprene.
Vulcanisation of rubber-This process consists of heating a mixture of raw rubber with sulphur and an appropriate additive at a temperature range between 373 K to 415 K so that rubber gets stiffened.
(ii)Synthetic Rubbers -
Neoprene - by the free radical polymerisation of chloroprene.
Synthetic Fibres:
Rayon - rayon or artificial silk. Although rayon is obtained from a natural source, wood pulp, yet it is a man-made fibre.
Also Read Western Ghats, Buddhism, Advent of The Europeans, Soils in India, Clouds, Alloys and their composition, Grasslands of World, Light and its phenomena(Part1), Light and its phenomena (Part 2)
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