(1) Cash Reserve Ratio
CRR is the minimum percentage of deposits with commercial banks that they need to deposit with central bank of RBI.
Present CRR = 4 %
(A) Impact of increased CRR
Positive impact - It is a quick fix to control inflation. By increasing CRR, commercial banks need to deposit more money with RBI.
Thus commercial banks left with less money. Now loans become dearer, so people have less money.
Less money with Commercial banks → Less money with people → Lower demand for goods and services → Lower prices
Higher CRR simply sucks money from the economy.
(B) Impact of decreased CRR
More money with Commercial banks → More money with people → Higher demand for good sand services → Higher prices
CRR should be aligned with supply and production levels. If people are producing more then they deserve to spend more. Decreased CRR provides a short term fix as it increases demand for short term.
(2) Statutory Liquidity Ratio
It is the percentage of liabilities and time deposits that commercial banks need to keep with them in form of cash, gold or government approved securities.
Present SLR = 21.5%
(A) Impact of increase in SLR
Commercial banks need to keep more liquid funds → Provides less loans to people → Lower demand for goods and services → Lower prices
(B) Impact on decrease in SLR
Commercial banks need to keep less liquid funds → Provides more loans to people → Higher demand for goods and services → Higher prices
(3) Repo rate
It is the Rate at which RBI lends money to commercial banks against securities in case commercial banks fall short of funds.
Present Repo Rate = 6.75%
Impact :-
(IA) If RBI Increase Repo Rate, it becomes costly for banks to borrow money from RBI so they in turn hike the rates at which customers borrow money from them to compensate for the hike in repo rate. This will discourage customers from taking loans.
(IB) It also decreases supply of money in markets.
(IIA) If RBI Decreases its Repo Rate, it becomes costly for banks to borrow money from RBI so they in turn hike the rates at which customers borrow money from them to compensate for the hike in repo rate.
This will encourage customers for taking loans.
(IIB) It also increases supply of money in markets.
(4) Reverse Repo Rate
It is the Rate at which RBI borrows money from commercial banks.
Present Reverse Repo Rate = 5.75%
(I) An increase in the reverse repo rate will decrease the money supply and vice-versa, other things remaining constant.
An increase in reverse repo rate means that commercial banks will get more incentives to park their funds with the RBI, thereby decreasing the supply of money in the market.
(II) If commercial banks get more money they will lend more money to people which will lead more demand in economy. Thus prices will increase.
NOTE - Due to these, lending and investment rates of banks changes. This is the only direct way in which Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate can affect a common man.
Loan interest rate and Deposit interest rate fluctuate.
(5) Bank rate
It is a rate at which RBI lends money to commercial banks without any security (i.e No Selling / Buying of Security).
Present Bank rate = 7.75%
When bank rate is increased interest rate also increases which have negative impact on demand thus prices increases.
(6) Marginal Standing Funding
By this mechanism commercial banks can get loans from RBI for their emergency needs.
Commercial banks can take loan only upto 1% of their liabilities and time deposits.
Present MSF Rate = 7.75%
(7) Open Market Operations
Buying and selling government securities and bonds in order to manage liquidity in the economy.
(i) Impact of Purchasing Securities
More money in economy → More demand → Higher growth rate
(ii) Impact of Selling Securities
Less money in economy → Less demand → Lower prices
Conclusion
Many economist says effect of "More demand" is higher growth rate while some says higher prices. While it is actually state of economy.
Money supply should be aligned with production rate.
Article shared by our reader: Gaurav Pandey
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