SYLLOGISMS NOTES AND CONCEPTS:
Hello readers, since some of you face problem in solving syllogisms, here are all the concepts that you will need in solving any type of question. Tomorrow an assignment on syllogisms will be put up. So understand and practice.
Note: Converse All B’s Are A’s is a Possibility
Converse All B’s are not A
Converse : Some B’s are not A is a possibility
Hello readers, since some of you face problem in solving syllogisms, here are all the concepts that you will need in solving any type of question. Tomorrow an assignment on syllogisms will be put up. So understand and practice.
4 Types of Statements
a)Universal Statements (All Type Statements)
1)Universal Affirmative/Positive
i.e. All A’s are B’s
Note: Converse All B’s Are A’s is a Possibility
2)Universal Negative : All A’s are not B
Converse All B’s are not A
b)Particular Statements
3)Particular Affirmative/Positive
Some A’s are B’s
Converse : Some B’s are A’s
4)Particular Negative
Some A’s Are Not B
Converse : Some B’s are not A is a possibility
Learn the following tables with logic:
Other names of all, some, All not & possibilities
Important
1.“Only A are B” means “All B’s are A’s” i.e. subject and predicate – change
2.“All A’s are definitely” means “All A’s are B’s”
3.“None but A is B” means Only A is B which in turn means “All B’s are A’s”
4. A is B means all A is B.
In each question there are five options available, learn these by heart but not necessarily in the same order.
1) only answer 1 is true
2)only answer 2 is true
3) either 1 or 2 is true
4) neither 1 nor 2 is true
5) both 1 and 2 are true.
This sequence will be used in the below questions...so do not get confused if numbers 1,2,3,4,5 are used in place of answer.
EITHER OR CONCLUSIONS
Some A’s are B’s
Some B’s are C’s
Conclusions :
Case (1)
(a) No A is C (F)
(b) Some A’s are C’s (F) - (3)
Note : Here both statements are false as from the diagram nothing definite can be known about relation b/w A and C had the word possibility added to the statements then they would have been true.
Case (2)
(a) No A is C is a possibility (T)
(b) Some As are C’s (F) - (1)
(a) No A is C (F) (2)
(b) Some A’s are C’s is a possibility (T)- (2)
(a) No A is C is a possibility (T)
(b) Some A’s are C’s “ “ (T) - (5)
Conditions of Either Or :
(1) Subject Predicate should be same in both statements
(2) Complimentary pairs i.e. one should be positive and one should be negative
(3) Maximum possibility i.e. maximum diagrams possibility should be covered
(4) Individually both false
(5) relation between subject and predicate should not be clear.
(6) Either or condition not applicable between All and no type sentences.
i.e. All A’s are C’s (F)
No A’s are C’s (F) – then it is (4) and not (3)
But If it is:
All A’s are C’s
Some A’s are not C’s (F) –the ans is (3)
But if it is:
No A’s are C’s
Some A’s are not C’s- then also ans is (3)
This is applicable between all & some statements
Note: No C is A can also be written as no A is C.
Similarly some A is C =some C is A.
So subject is equal to predicate.
ANOTHER METHOD FOR SOLVING SYLLOGISMS : (Note : if method 1 is clear then you do not need this but never the less go through as it helps in clearing the concepts )
RULE METHOD ( learn by heart these)
All + are = All
Ex. All A’s are B’s
All B’s are C’s
Some + All = some
Ex. Some A’s Are B’s
All B’s Are C’s
∴ Some A’s are C’s
All + Some = no definite conclusion
Ex. All A’s are B’s
Some B’s are C’s
∴ Relationship between A and C is a possibility
Some + Some = No definite conclusion
Rule 5. Some + No = Some not (forward i.e. A to C)
Ex. Some A’s are B’s
No B’s are C’s
∴ Some A’s are not C’s
No + Some = Some not (back words i.e. C to A)
Ex. No A’s are B’s
Some B’s are C’s
∴ Some C’s are not A
∴ Relation between is a possibilities
Some not + Some not = no definite conclusion (NDC)
Ex. Some A’s are not B
Some B’s are not C
Rule 9. All + Some not = N D C
Rule 10. Some + Some not = N D C
Rule 11. Not + Some not = N D C
Some Blue are Pink
All Pink are Orange
No Orange is White
Only Grey are White
1.Conclusion:
(a) No White is Orange
(b) Some Orange is Blue
2.Conclusion:
(a) Few White are Grey
(b) No Orange is Blue
3.Conclusion:
(a) Pink is White
(b) 100% White can be Orange
4.Conclusion:
(a) Some Pink are not White
(b) Grey can be White
5.Conclusion:
(a) Some Pink may be White
(b) Some White may be Blue
6.Conclusion:
(a) Some Blue are White
(B) No Blue is White
(b) T–(5)
(b) F–(4)
(b) T–(5)
(b) T–(2)
(b) F–(3)
(Q.)All Blue are Pink
No Pink is Orange
Only Blue are White
Some Pens are Boxes
No Boxes are Scales
Note :Whenever there are diagrams without relation then all statements whether positive or negative have to be with possibility.
(1) Some Pink are White
(2) Each Orange cannot be White
(3) Some Blue are Pens
(4) Some Boxes are pens as well as Scales
(5) No Orange is Scales
(6) Only Boxes can be Pens
(7) No White is Orange
(8) 0% Orange may be Blue
(9) Some Scales may be Blue & White
(10) All Pink Blue & White & Boxes being Scales is a possibility
(11) All Scales Pens & Orange being White is a possibility
(12) Almost Orange & Pink can be a combination part of pens & Boxes
Ans. (1) T, (2) F, (3) F, (4) F, (5) F, (6) T, (7) T, (8) T, (9) T, (10) F, (11) F, (12) T
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